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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people who suffer from ADHD are prescribed medication for the condition. It can ease symptoms, but it could cause adverse negative side effects. Talk to your doctor in the event of any adverse reactions. The most frequently prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare professionals for ADHD is stimulants. These drugs increase the amount of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters, that regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in both children and adults, is the most commonly prescribed medication. It is a stimulant that increases activity in the parts of the brain that assist control attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate is also used to treat other conditions such as narcolepsy. It can help people with narcolepsy to stay awake and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication could have an extremely high risk of abuse and is considered a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Following the exact dosage prescribed can reduce the potential for abuse as well as other adverse effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms for some people. It can also cause worse the behavior and tics of those with Tourette's syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before starting this medication, people with these conditions must inform their doctor. It is essential to inform your doctor if you have any other health issues or are allergic to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow color present in processed foods as well as some medicines or if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain drugs such as opioids, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors. This includes isocarboxazid linezolid, methylene blue rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or tranylcypromine. It is also essential to stay clear of alcohol and other stimulant drugs when taking methylphenidate. These medications can affect your heart rate or blood pressure. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablet (Ritalin) as well as the oral disintegrating capsule with a long-acting mechanism and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR -ODT) and the chewable tablets that have a long-acting action (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla XR-ODT), contain phenylalanine. This can be dangerous when a genetic condition such as phenylketonuria exists. Bupropion Bupropion, a medication that treats depression works on the brain and improves mood. It also helps reduce symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which is a condition that occurs during the winter and fall seasons. It can also help smokers quit by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. medication for adhd of studies conducted on adults have shown that bupropion helps improve ADHD symptoms compared to placebo. The pooled fixed effect RR for week-6 improvement (using the criteria of a clinically significant improvement of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For overall response, this equates to 52% of the bupropion group and 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion may cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with several different medications, including sedatives, antidepressants and some blood pressure drugs. It can also increase the risk of seizures for those with an history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is also contraindicated for people suffering from certain medical conditions. It is not recommended for women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion is a form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of medications that affect brain chemicals. They were one of the earliest antidepressants developed, and although they are no longer a first-line treatment for depression they are still effective for some patients suffering from other disorders. They inhibit the reuptake of dopamine serotonin, and noradrenaline, thereby increasing their presence in neurons. They also aid in easing a variety of other ailments, such as pain syndromes and enuresis like fibromyalgia or Phantom leg syndrome. TCAs can be prescribed alone or in conjunction with stimulants, and they can have a positive effect on symptoms of ADHD. They can help improve the core ADHD symptoms and help reduce anxiety, depression, and impulsivity. Additionally, they can aid in managing disorders like tics, which are repeated, uncontrollable movements or sounds like throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as dry mouth and sedation, and can increase the risk of heart problems. These medications can interact negatively with other medications such as anticholinergics and should never be taken by pregnant women. They are also known to cause teratogenic effects on animals and they can cross the placenta. If you are concerned, talk to your doctor for advice, as there are more modern antidepressants that have a less harmful adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs are a class of antidepressants that block serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of serotonin to signal. They also decrease anxiety and reduce impulsive behaviors. They are commonly used to treat adhd because they can assist some sufferers with their symptoms and are effective in conjunction with other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline-paroxetine and citalopram. They exhibit linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the body, but they are extensively metabolized in the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This leads to varying blood levels. These drugs are also prescribed to treat other conditions, such as major depression disorder, bulimia-nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. However, they do not appear to be effective for other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs may cause a very uncommon side effect, referred to as sexual dysfunction. It is crucial to discuss this with your physician if you are considering taking one of these medicines. It is common for people to have to test a variety of ADHD medication before they can find the one that is most effective for them. The medications are constantly being developed and tested. It is also important to disclose all the medications you are taking to your healthcare provider. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant drugs don't help adults suffering from ADHD doctors recommend an inhibitor of selective norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). These medications increase the levels of two brain chemicals known as serotonin and norepinephrine. They also improve mood and reduce anxiety and depression. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however, they are more secure and have fewer side effects. They are used to treat numerous ailments, such as anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia or nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression as well. Examples of SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications act by inhibiting the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural reaction in the brain following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal the phasic release of norepinephrine. The increase in norepinephrine helps improve concentration and mood. Although SNRIs aren't endorsed by the FDA to treat ADHD Some doctors do use them as a substitute for stimulants. They are usually taken as pills. However, they can also be taken in liquid form or as patches. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI called viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It doesn't have a potential for abuse, so it is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, but they can also help control symptoms of ADHD. SNRI drugs like venlafaxine or duloxetine have been shown in several studies to significantly reduce scores on various ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs can raise blood pressure or interact with certain medications. Therefore, it's important to consult with a physician prior to taking these medications. Additionally, improperly disposed medication can harm both people and animals. It is therefore essential to follow the proper disposal instructions. SSRIs and SNRIs are not approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors are able prescribe these medications off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk with your doctor about your child's symptoms and talk about the pros and cons of these drugs. SNRIs are not appropriate for everyone. For example pregnant women or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs as they could be absorbed into breast milk. They should also not be used by people who suffer from high blood pressure, liver problems or other cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people with ADHD take medication to increase their concentration and focus. Some people may also notice a reduction in their impulsive behavior. Medication is usually combined with behavioral therapy and training, which helps people learn to control their symptoms. It takes time to identify the right dosage and dosage for each person. In this period doctors will be monitoring the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between side effects and benefits. Drugs that stimulate the brain, like methylphenidate, boost the activity of certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and concentration. While they are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, they can also cause serious side effects like diminished appetite and sleep problems. These side effects typically disappear within some weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Children and adults can also take non-stimulant medicines. They take longer to start working, but they are able to increase concentration and control of impulses. These include alpha-2-adrenergic agonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine), as well as the guanfacine. Antidepressants are also effective for treating ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels which is a neurotransmitter within the brain that aids in the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion, an antidepressant has been used to treat ADHD. It was originally prescribed “off-label” for ADHD, but drugmakers eventually came up with extended-release versions, and the FDA approved it as a treatment option for this condition.